Lead Contamination in Agro-Based Products as Current Public Health Threat in Bangladesh

c entirely for taint in agro-based products as on-going public health threat in Bangladesh A. M. M. Maruf Hossain1*, M. Shahidul Islam2, Md. Moklesur Rahman1, Md. Mustafa Mamun1, M. Azizul Islam Kazi2, and Syed Fazle Elahi1 1Department of Soil, Water and Environment, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of working capital of Bangladesh 2Analytical Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, capital of Bangladesh. *Corresponding author cabbage Agro-based products be primary to all compassionate diet kickoffs. Contamination in these is similarly the easiest way of human health getting affected in large scale.Among the incalculable of agro-based products, commercially produced take outs and ball were samplingd. Chicken orbs were seekd from Dhaka and its nearby other vii regulates covering the central voice of Bangladesh. Dhaka, Narsingdi, Kishoreganj, Mymensingh, Tangail, Gazipur, Narayanganj, and Munshigonj were selected for the study. 12 bullock blocks were rand omly sampled from severally districts testis computer storage market. In Dhaka, Gazipur, and Tangails market some(prenominal) brownness and snow-white colored orchis were found. half dozen ballocks from each typewrite were sampled from these terzetto districts. In the rest flipper districts all brown colored eggs could be found.Commercial liquid milks of 13 full-grown milk producers have been sampled with rejoinder. Introduction domestic fowl plays a vital role in the economy of Bangladesh in recent years. The theatrical role by livestock is 3% of the essence GDP (BBS, two hundred4) and n earlier 10% of the agricultural GDP (Poultry Business Directory, two hundred7). As food poultry supports meat and egg. An egg is a good source of energy, protein, and avoirdupois. A 50 g weighing grade A weakly interacting massive particle egg provides estimated set of 297 KJ energy, 6g protein, 5g fat (1. 5g saturated, 2. 0g monounsaturated, and 0. 8g polyunsaturated), and 190mg cholesterol.Chicken eggs atomic number 18 the or so earthyly eaten eggs, and argon highly nourishing (FAO, two hundred7). They supply a large measuring stick of complete, high-quality proteins (which contains all essential amino acids for humans), and provide significant amounts of several vitamins and minerals, including vitamin A, riboflavin, folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, choline, iron, calcium, phosphorus and potassium. once again liquid milk is an important source of fat, lactose sugar, and proteins (Casein, Albumin). junkie and milk are essential contexts to our daily diet. Bangladesh has a dogged historical record of raising poultry under traditional backyard farming.In 1935 amend variety of birds were first introduced in the countries. In the long run it is in the early nineties that a number of buck private parent stock farms have started their deed to produce commercial Day senescent broiler and layer Chicks. Today for commercial egg production la yer chicks from these farms are beingness utilize. Commercial egg production broadly speaking uses the layer breeds of Hyline embrown, Hyline discolor, Hisex dark-brown, Hisex White, ISA brownness, Lohman Brown, Shaver White, and Shaver 579. The bounteous milk producers have their own farms in Bangladesh.They produce and market both pasteurize and UTH (ultra high temperature) processed milks. For egg and milk urban people depend exclusively on commercially produced products while agrarian people have some recital of backyard farming. As industrial and agricultural practices are not strictly regulated and hold environment-friendly in Bangladesh, contamination can eliminate in many ways curiously with heavy metals. For this reason a wide distributed egg samples have been collected from Dhaka and its surrounding other seven districts where industrial activities and hence pollution is most prevalent. besides a number of liquid milks were sampled with replication to reflec t a representative picture. Materials and Methods sample area for egg The egg take in area constituted eight districts including capital Dhaka and covered the central region of Bangladesh. Dhaka, Narsingdi, Kishoreganj, Mymensingh, Tangail, Gazipur, Narayanganj, and Munshigonj were selected for the study. Twelve eggs were randomly sampled from each districts egg stock market. In Dhaka, Gazipur, and Tangails market both brown and white colored eggs were found. Six eggs from each type were sampled from these three districts.In the rest five districts only brown colored eggs could be found. The sample area is shown in gray color in finger 1. Figure 1 Map of Bangladesh representing the change study area Milk sampling Commercial liquid milks of 13 enceinte milk producers have been sampled with three replications in each. These covered liquid white, mango, chocolate, and banana milks. Aarong white, Aarong chocolate, Aarong mango, Milkvita white, Milkvita chocolate, RD white, RD mango, RD banana, Amo white, Amo chocolate, Amo mango, Pran white, and starship chocolate liquid milks were selected for the study.Sample pretreatment ? The egg samples were boiled in deionized water and later on complete boiling tweed and egg egg yolk were severally oven-dried at 80oC to remove all moisture. The samples were oven-dried unless the difference between two readings of weight down was found negligible. Each of oven-died albumen and yolk were treated and analyzed separately. ? A circumstances of the liquid milk samples were used for meanness measurement. Milk samples were treated and analyzed as it is. Sample preparation method The samples were vigilant by using HNO3 HClO4 digestion (Kebbekus &038 Mitra, 1998).Since the samples were of thoroughgoing origin with a very high organic content, HNO3 HClO4 digestion was preferred over the more common HNO3 extraction for the determination of heavy metals. This powerfully oxidizing digestion decomposes org anics quickly and efficiently. Sample analysis summary of all prepared samples was performed through atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). BDH standard solution was used for preparation of spend (Pb) standard curve. During the sample preparation for arsenous anhydride determination, hydrochloric acid (at least(prenominal) 11. 6 ml concentrated HCl for ascorbic acid ml come in sample) and KI (at least 1 %) were added.For the other heavy metals no special treatments were through. Hydride vapor generation technique was used in the determination of arsenic and mercury. Chromium, cadmium, lead, and arsenic determination were done in air-acetylene flame whereas mercury determination was done in cold vapor. The lead (Pb) contamination in eggs is calculated by using the average parameter values of bring 96 eggs sampled, where albumen and yolk have been studied separately in each egg ( dishearten 1). get across 1 Average sensible parameters for 96 egg samples from 8 district s Average physical parameter Average Standard faulting Whole weight of eggs, g 55. 5098 0. 7590 scale albumen yolk ratio 1 4. 8672 1. 9775 NA Albumen raw weight, g 34. 4401 - Albumen moisture content, % 84. 0603 0. 1512 Albumen run run juiceless weight, g 5. 900 - Yolk raw weight, g 13. 9930 - Yolk moisture content, % 51. 3656 0. 1616 Yolk dry weight, g 6. 8054 - The lead (Pd) contamination in commercially produced chicken eggs in Bangladesh is presented in dining table 2 (average dry weight basis). Revise SPSS with all rude(a) data Table 2 Pb contamination of chicken eggs in Bangladesh Sample classes Pb in bollock albumen Pb in total Pb in ball yolk Pb in total good Pb in each Pb in total egg g/g junkie albumen g/g Egg yolk egg (albumen + (albumen + yolk), (dry weight) g (dry weight) g yolk), g g/g (dry weight) (dry weight) value for 6 5. 905 30. 6918 18. 3190 124. 6680 155. 3599 12. 6356 Brown Egg samples (Dhaka) St. wrongdoing 1. 1043 4. 439 White Egg (Dhaka) set for 6 11. 1847 61. 4041 6. 4769 44. 0777 105. 4818 8. 5790 samples St. error 1. 7396 2. 627 Brown Egg (Narsingdi) Values for 1210. 4818 57. 5453 15. 0153 102. 1849 159. 7302 12. 9911 samples St. error 2. 3770 3. 458 Brown Egg Values for 129. 4945 52. 1248 10. 6030 72. 1574 124. 2822 10. 1080 (Kishoreganj) samples St. error 0. 5917 0. 7616 Brown Egg Mymensingh)Values for 129. 4769 52. 0279 5. 7009 38. 7969 90. 8248 7. 3869 samples St. error 1. 1593 0. 6024 Brown Egg (Tangail) Values for 6 11. 565 60. 7000 5. 4060 36. 7898 97. 4898 7. 9290 samples St. error 4. 4361 1. 8938 White Egg (Tangail) Values for 6 11. 3587 62. 594 0. 7730 5. 2602 67. 6197 5. 4996 samples St. error 2. 4524 0. 4713 Brown Egg (Gazipur) Values for 6 6. 8734 37. 7349 1. 755 11. 4023 49. 1372 3. 9964 samples St. error 2. 0868 0. 6178 White Egg (Gazipur) Values for 6 5. 916 7 32. 4825 2. 2874 15. 666 48. 0491 3. 9079 samples St. error 2. 1738 1. 2855 Brown Egg Values for 120. 7702 4. 2285 5. 4222 36. 9002 41. 1288 3. 451 (Narayanganj) samples St. error 0. 4071 1. 9852 Brown Egg (Munshigonj)Values for 1211. 3360 62. 2346 8. 8177 60. 0079 122. 2426 9. 9421 samples St. rror 2. 3649 2. 7654 maximal permissible limit in chicken meat is 0. 1 g /g and in chicken fat is 0. 1 g /g(1). The average statistics for all egg samples are presented in Table 3. Table 3 Statistics of all egg samples gibe sample number 192 Mean 8. 1611 Std. demerit of Mean 0. 5253 Minimum ND* supreme 34. 5637 * = Not detected The average lead (Pb) contamination picture in commercially produced liquid milks in Bangladesh is presented in Table 4.Table 4 Pb contamination picture in liquid milks in Bangladesh Sample classes Average density al-Quran as packed, mLAverage Pb Standard error Average total Pb concentration in in packe t, g sample, g/mL Aarong white 1. 0207 250 0. 8102 0. 2451 202. 500 Aarong chocolate 1. 0511 200 1. 5344 0. 2675 306. 8800 Aarong mango 1. 0554 200 0. 9447 0. 3961 188. 9400 Milkvita white 1. 0226 250 0. 9739 0. 3212 243. 4750 Milkvita chocolate 1. 0548 200 1. 2925 0. 6512 258. 5000 RD white 1. 193 230 1. 9657 0. 1987 452. 1110 RD mango 1. 0523 200 1. 6984 0. 4812 339. 6800 RD banana 1. 0552 200 1. 209 0. 5012 241. 8000 Amo white 1. 0257 250 1. 4943 0. 1246 373. 5750 Amo chocolate 1. 0577 200 0. 181 0. 1789 163. 6200 Amo mango 1. 0619 200 0. 8997 0. 8047 179. 9400 Pran white 1. 0256 200 1. 2886 1. 0079 257. 7200 Starship chocolate 1. 0508 200 4. 7589 1. 4347 951. 7800 utmost permissible limit in milks is 0. 02 g /mL(1). The average statistics for all milk samples are presented in Table 5.Table 5 Statistics of all milk samples Total sample number 39 Mean 1. 5145 Std. fallacy of Mean 0. 2165 Minimum ND upper limit 7. 0713 Standard for lead (Pb) content of milk and poultry products Comparing the obtained data from the egg and milk samples with the standards set in codex general standard for contaminants and toxins in foods (leaf-book STAN 193-1995, Rev. -2006), it is unembellished that these foods are heavily contaminated with Pb in Bangladesh. In case of both egg and milk, the average Pb levels are about hundred times higher(prenominal) than the maximum permissible limits whereas the maximum several(prenominal) values are quite large. 1. CODEX STAN 193-1995, Rev. 2-2006. http//www. codexalimentarius. net/web/index_en. jsp 2. Kebbekus, B. B. , and S. Mitra. (1998). Environmental chemic analysis. (Blackie Academic &038 Professional, London). pic